Roughness and Wind Shear

Roughness and Wind Shear

High above ground level, at a height of about 1 kilometre, the wind is hardly influenced by the surface of the earth at all. In the lower layers of the atmosphere, however, wind speeds are affected by the friction against the surface of the earth. In the wind industry one distinguishes between the roughness of the terrain, the influence from obstacles, and the influence from the terrain contours, which is also called the orography of the area. We shall be dealing with orography, when we investigate so called speed up effects, i.e. tunnel effects and hill effects, later.

Roughness
In general, the more pronounced the roughness of the earth's surface, the more the wind will be slowed down.
Forests and large cities obviously slow the wind down considerably, while concrete runways in airports will only slow the wind down a little. Water surfaces are even smoother than concrete runways, and will have even less influence on the wind, while long grass and shrubs and bushes will slow the wind down considerably.

Roughness Classes and Roughness Lengths

Roughness class 0.5 image
Sheep are a wind turbine's best friend. In this picture from Akaroa Spit, New Zealand, the sheep keep the roughness of the landscape down through their grazing.
Photograph © 1998
Soren Krohn In the wind industry, people usually refer to roughness classes or roughness lengths, when they evaluate wind conditions in a landscape. A high roughness class of 3 to 4 refers to landscapes with many trees and buildings, while a sea surface is in roughness class 0.
Concrete runways in airports are in roughness class 0.5. The same applies to the flat, open landscape to the left which has been grazed by sheep.
The proper definition of roughness classes and roughness lengths may be found in the Reference Manual. The term roughness length is really the distance above ground level where the wind speed theoretically should be zero.

Wind Shear
Wind Shear Graph

This graph was plotted with the wind speed calculator on the next page. It shows you how wind speeds vary in roughness class 2 (agricultural land with some houses and sheltering hedgerows with some 500 m intervals), if we assume that the wind is blowing at 10 m/s at a height of 100 metres.
The fact that the wind profile is twisted towards a lower speed as we move closer to ground level, is usually called wind shear. Wind shear may also be important when designing wind turbines. If you consider a wind turbine with a hub height of 40 metres and a rotor diameter of 40 metres, you will notice that the wind is blowing at 9.3 m/s when the tip of the blade is in its uppermost position, and only 7.7 m/s when the tip is in the bottom position. This means that the forces acting on the rotor blade when it is in its top position are far larger than when it is in its bottom position.

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© Copyright 1999 Soren Krohn. All rights reserved.
Updated 6 August 2000
shear.htm

Notice: The Guided Tour on Wind Energy is mainly from the Danish Wind Industry Association Web Site: www.windpower.org , and we provide it here just for your reference,hoping you can get some useful information on wind energy!


		Roughness and Wind Shear
		High above ground level, at a height of about 1 kilometre, the wind is hardly influenced by the surface of the earth at all. In the lower layers of the atmosphere, however, wind speeds are affected by the friction against the surface of the earth. In the wind industry one distinguishes between the roughness of the terrain, the influence from obstacles, and the influence from the terrain contours, which is also called the orography of the area. We shall be dealing with orography, when we investigate so called speed up effects, i.e. tunnel effects and hill effects, later. Roughness In general, the more pronounced the roughness of the earth's surface, the more the wind will be slowed down. Forests and large cities obviously slow the wind down considerably, while concrete runways in airports will only slow the wind down a little. Water surfaces are even smoother than concrete runways, and will have even less influence on the wind, while long grass and shrubs and bushes will slow the wind down considerably. Roughness Classes and Roughness Lengths
Sheep are a wind turbine's best friend. In this picture from Akaroa Spit, New Zealand, the sheep keep the roughness of the landscape down through their grazing. Photograph © 1998 Soren Krohn		In the wind industry, people usually refer to roughness classes or roughness lengths, when they evaluate wind conditions in a landscape. A high roughness class of 3 to 4 refers to landscapes with many trees and buildings, while a sea surface is in roughness class 0. Concrete runways in airports are in roughness class 0.5. The same applies to the flat, open landscape to the left which has been grazed by sheep. The proper definition of roughness classes and roughness lengths may be found in the Reference Manual. The term roughness length is really the distance above ground level where the wind speed theoretically should be zero.
		Wind Shear This graph was plotted with the wind speed calculator on the next page. It shows you how wind speeds vary in roughness class 2 (agricultural land with some houses and sheltering hedgerows with some 500 m intervals), if we assume that the wind is blowing at 10 m/s at a height of 100 metres. The fact that the wind profile is twisted towards a lower speed as we move closer to ground level, is usually called wind shear. Wind shear may also be important when designing wind turbines. If you consider a wind turbine with a hub height of 40 metres and a rotor diameter of 40 metres, you will notice that the wind is blowing at 9.3 m/s when the tip of the blade is in its uppermost position, and only 7.7 m/s when the tip is in the bottom position. This means that the forces acting on the rotor blade when it is in its top position are far larger than when it is in its bottom position.
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